Kelasi zamon

Ingliz tilida kelajak uchun bitta "kelasi zamon" yo‘q — bir nechta shakl bor va ular vaqtdan ko‘ra so‘zlovchining munosabatini bildiradi: qaror hozir qabul qilindimi, oldindan rejalashtirilganmi, ko‘z oldidagi dalilga asoslanganmi yoki jadval bo‘yichami. O‘zbek tilida hammasi "boraman" deb aytiladi, ingliz tilida esa I’ll go, I’m going to go, I’m going va I go har xil vaziyatga mos keladi. Imtihonda aynan shu nozik farqlar so‘raladi, shuning uchun har bir shaklning "qachon" va "nima uchun"ini bilish kerak.

§1. will — bashorat, lahzadagi qaror, va’da

will — eng umumiy kelajak shakli. U so‘zlovchining fikri, qarori yoki va’dasini bildiradi.

• Shu lahzada qabul qilingan qaror: It’s cold. — I’ll close the window.
• Fikrga asoslangan bashorat (I think, I believe, probably, I’m sure, perhaps): I think it will rain tomorrow. She’ll probably pass the exam.
• Va’da: I’ll never tell anyone.
• Taklif va iltimos: I’ll carry your bag. Will you open the door, please?
• Tahdid yoki ogohlantirish: Stop or I’ll call the police!
• Kelajakdagi fakt: I’ll be eighteen next year.

will dan keyin fe’l to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri keladi, to ham, -s ham qo‘shilmaydi: She will come (✗ will comes, ✗ will to come).

Misol

The phone is ringing. — OK, I ___ (answer) it.

1. Telefon hozir jiringlayapti, so‘zlovchi buni oldindan rejalashtirmagan.
2. Qaror gapirish paytida qabul qilindi — bu will holati.
3. Qisqa shakl: I’ll.
4. Javob: OK, I’ll answer it.

§2. be going to — niyat va dalilga asoslangan bashorat

be going to hozirgi holat bilan bog‘liq kelajakni bildiradi: niyat allaqachon bor, yoki natija hozir ko‘rinib turibdi.

• Oldindan o‘ylangan niyat: I’m going to study medicine. (qaror avval qilingan)
• Hozirgi dalil asosida bashorat: Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain. Careful! You’re going to fall!

will yoki going to? Asosiy farq — qaror qachon qilinganida va bashorat nimaga asoslanganida:

• Qaror hozir — will: I’ve run out of milk. — I’ll get some.
• Qaror avval — going to: I’m going to get some milk after work (allaqachon reja).
• Fikr, taxmin — will: I think Uzbekistan will win.
• Ko‘z oldidagi dalil — going to: They’re 3–0 up. They’re going to win.

be ni tushirib qoldirmang: ✓ I am going to, ✗ I going to.

Misol

A: Why have you bought paint? — B: I ___ (paint) my room.

1. B bo‘yoqni allaqachon sotib olgan — qaror oldindan qabul qilingan.
2. Oldindan o‘ylangan niyat → be going to.
3. Ega I → am going to.
4. Javob: I’m going to paint my room.

§3. Hozirgi zamon shakllari kelajak ma’nosida

Present Continuous — kelishilgan, aniq reja: kim bilan, qachon, qayerda ekani hal qilingan. Odatda kundalik, chipta, uchrashuv bilan bog‘liq.

• We’re flying to Istanbul on Friday. (chiptalar olingan)
• I’m meeting the dean at 10. (uchrashuv belgilangan)

Present Simple — rasmiy jadval, dastur, taqvim. Insonning xohishiga bog‘liq emas.

• The bus leaves at 6:40.
• The exam starts on 23 October.
• The shop opens at nine tomorrow.

Farqni solishtiring: I’m going to see a doctor (niyat, hali yozilmaganman) — I’m seeing the doctor at 4 (navbat olingan).

Misol

My sister ___ (get) married next month — the hall is booked.

1. Zal band qilingan — bu kelishilgan, tayyorlangan reja.
2. Kelishilgan shaxsiy reja → Present Continuous.
3. Ega my sister = she → is getting.
4. Javob: My sister is getting married next month.

§4. Future Continuous va Future Perfect

Future Continuous (will be + V-ing) — kelajakdagi ma’lum paytda davom etayotgan jarayon. Shu payt "o‘rtasiga" tushamiz.

• This time tomorrow I’ll be sitting the exam.
• Don’t call at 8 — we’ll be having dinner.
• Muloyim so‘roq (rejani bilish uchun): Will you be using the car tonight?

Future Perfect (will have + V3) — harakat kelajakdagi muddatgacha tugagan bo‘ladi. Belgi: by + vaqt, by the time, before.

• By June I will have finished the course.
• By the time you arrive, we’ll have eaten.

Misol

By the end of this year, I ___ (read) twenty books.

1. By the end of this year — kelajakdagi muddat.
2. Harakat shu muddatgacha tugagan bo‘ladi — Future Perfect.
3. read noto‘g‘ri fe’l, V3 shakli read.
4. Javob: I will have read twenty books.

§5. Payt va shart ergash gaplari — will qo‘yilmaydi

when, after, before, as soon as, until, while, once, if, unless, in case dan keyingi ergash gapda kelajak Present Simple (yoki Present Perfect) bilan ifodalanadi. Bosh gapda esa will qoladi.

• As soon as she arrives, we’ll start.
• If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
• I won’t leave until you have finished. (tugatishingizni ta’kidlash uchun Present Perfect)

Sababi: bog‘lovchining o‘zi kelajakni ko‘rsatib turadi, ikkinchi marta will kerak emas. Ammo when so‘roq so‘zi bo‘lsa (When will you come?) yoki I don’t know when he will come kabi to‘ldiruvchi gapda will ishlatiladi — bu payt ergash gapi emas.

§6. Boshqa kelajak vositalari va algoritm

• be about to + V — hozir-hozir: Hurry up! The film is about to start.
• be due to + V — rejaga, jadvalga ko‘ra: The plane is due to land at 5.
• be to + V — rasmiy reja yoki ko‘rsatma (yangiliklarda): The president is to visit Samarkand.

Imtihondagi algoritm:

1. Gapda when/if/as soon as bilan boshlangan ergash gap bormi? → unda Present Simple.
2. by + vaqt bormi? → Future Perfect.
3. "O‘sha paytda" jarayon bormi (this time tomorrow, at 8 tomorrow)? → Future Continuous.
4. Jadvalmi? → Present Simple. Kelishilgan uchrashuvmi? → Present Continuous.
5. Oldindan niyat yoki ko‘z oldidagi dalil? → going to. Hozirgi qaror, fikr, va’da? → will.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. I’ve decided — I ___ (buy) a new laptop next week.

2. Careful! You ___ (fall)!

3. I’ll text you as soon as I ___ (get) home.

4. The concert ___ (start) at 7 p.m. according to the programme.

5. By 2030 they ___ (build) the new bridge.

6. Don’t call me at 9 — I ___ (have) dinner then.

7. I’m tired. — Sit down, I ___ (make) you some tea.

8. We ___ (meet) Aziz at the station at six; he’s already bought the tickets.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• Payt yoki shart ergash gapida will: ✗ when I will come → ✓ when I come.
• will dan keyin to yoki -s: ✗ I will to go, ✗ she will goes.
• going to da be ni tushirib qoldirish: ✗ I going to → ✓ I’m going to.
• Lahzadagi qarorni going to bilan aytish: telefon jiringlaganda ✗ I’m going to answer emas, ✓ I’ll answer.
• Jadvalni will bilan berish: The train will leave at 7 xato emas, lekin jadval uchun tabiiy shakl — The train leaves at 7.