Majhul nisbat

Majhul nisbat (Passive Voice) harakatni kim qilgani emas, harakatning o‘zi yoki obyekti muhim bo‘lganda ishlatiladi. O‘zbek tilida bunga -il-/-in- qo‘shimchali fe’llar mos keladi: Uy qurildi, Kitob o‘qildi. Ingliz tilida majhul nisbat ilmiy, rasmiy va yangilik matnlarida juda ko‘p uchraydi, shuning uchun u Reading bo‘limidagi matnlarni tushunish va Writing’da rasmiy uslubda yozish uchun zarur. Imtihonda majhul shaklni to‘g‘ri zamonda yasash, aniq gapni majhulga o‘tkazish va It is said that… kabi qurilmalar so‘raladi.

§1. Majhul nisbat nima va qanday yasaladi

Aniq nisbatda (Active) ega harakatni bajaradi: They build houses. Majhul nisbatda ega harakatni qabul qiladi: Houses are built. Aniq gapdagi to‘ldiruvchi (houses) majhul gapda egaga aylanadi.

be zamonni va shaxsni ko‘rsatadi, V3 esa hech qachon o‘zgarmaydi: is made, was made, will be made, has been made.

Faqat o‘timli fe’llar (to‘ldiruvchi oladigan fe’llar) majhul bo‘ladi. O‘timsiz fe’llar — happen, arrive, die, sleep, appear, occur, exist — majhul shaklga ega emas: ✗ It was happened → ✓ It happened.

Bajaruvchini aytish kerak bo‘lsa — by: The book was written by Abdulla Qodiriy. Asbob yoki vosita — with: The door was opened with a key.

§2. Zamonlarda majhul shakl

Har bir zamonda be ning o‘sha zamondagi shakli olinadi, asosiy fe’l esa V3 bo‘ladi.

Misollar: The road is being repaired. The results have been published. The letter must be signed. The bridge is going to be opened next year.

So‘roq va inkor birinchi yordamchi fe’l orqali yasaladi: Was the window broken? The work hasn’t been finished yet. Will the meeting be cancelled?

Perfect Continuous zamonlarining majhul shakli (has been being made) deyarli ishlatilmaydi; uning o‘rniga Present Perfect majhul qo‘llanadi.

Misol

The new stadium ___ (build) at the moment.

1. at the moment — hozirgi jarayon, demak Present Continuous.
2. Stadion o‘zi qurmaydi, uni quradilar — majhul ma’no.
3. Present Continuous majhul: is/are being + V3; ega birlikda → is being.
4. build ning V3 shakli — built.
5. Javob: The new stadium is being built at the moment.

§3. Majhul nisbat qachon ishlatiladi

• Bajaruvchi noma’lum: My bike was stolen. (kim o‘g‘irlagani noma’lum)
• Bajaruvchi ahamiyatsiz yoki o‘z-o‘zidan ma’lum: The patient was taken to hospital. The criminal was arrested. (politsiya hibsga olgani tushunarli)
• Ilmiy va rasmiy uslub — natija va jarayon muhim: The samples were heated to 100 °C. Smoking is not permitted. Applications must be submitted by Friday.
• Gap mavzusini saqlash — matnda bitta mavzu ustida gapirish uchun: Navoi is a great poet. He is known all over the world.
• Yangi ma’lumotni gap oxiriga qo‘yish: This theory was proposed by Einstein. (urg‘u Einstein da)

Bajaruvchi people, someone, they, somebody bo‘lsa, majhul gapda u tushirib qoldiriladi: Someone has stolen my bag. → My bag has been stolen.

§4. Murakkab holatlar

Ikki to‘ldiruvchili fe’llar (give, send, show, offer, tell, teach, pay). Ikkala to‘ldiruvchi ham ega bo‘lishi mumkin, ammo odamni ega qilish tabiiyroq:

• They gave me a prize. → I was given a prize. (odatiyroq) / A prize was given to me.

Predlogli fe’llar — predlog fe’ldan keyin joyida qoladi:

• They looked after the children. → The children were looked after.
• Everybody laughed at him. → He was laughed at.

Shaxssiz qurilma (say, believe, think, know, report, expect, consider) — yangilik va ilmiy matnlarda:

• People say that he is rich. → It is said that he is rich. / He is said to be rich.

`have something done` — xizmatni boshqa odamga qildirish:

• I had my hair cut. (sartaroshda soch oldirdim) We are having our flat painted.

Misol

People believe that the city was founded more than 2,000 years ago. Gapni The city… bilan boshlang.

1. Bosh fe’l believe hozirgi zamonda → The city is believed.
2. Asosiy gapdagi harakat (was founded) bosh fe’ldan oldin, o‘tmishda bo‘lgan.
3. O‘tmish uchun perfekt infinitiv kerak; majhul bo‘lgani uchun to have been + V3.
4. Javob: The city is believed to have been founded more than 2,000 years ago.

§5. Aniq nisbatdan majhulga o‘tkazish algoritmi

1. Aniq gapdagi to‘ldiruvchini toping — u yangi ega bo‘ladi.
2. Asl fe’lning zamonini aniqlang (will announce → Future Simple).
3. be ni shu zamonda va yangi egaga mos shaxsda qo‘ying.
4. Asosiy fe’lni V3 ga aylantiring.
5. Bajaruvchi muhim bo‘lsa by bilan qo‘shing; people, someone, they bo‘lsa tushirib qoldiring.
6. Olmoshlarni o‘zgartirishni unutmang: me → I, them → they.

Misol

Someone is cleaning the classrooms now. → majhul.

1. To‘ldiruvchi — the classrooms, yangi ega (ko‘plik).
2. Zamon — Present Continuous (is cleaning).
3. Ko‘plik uchun are being.
4. clean → cleaned.
5. someone tushirib qoldiriladi.
6. Javob: The classrooms are being cleaned now.

§6. Majhul nisbat va matn uslubi

Majhul nisbatni ko‘p ishlatish matnni rasmiy va obyektiv qiladi, lekin haddan oshsa, og‘ir o‘qiladi. Yozma ishda qoida: jarayon va natija muhim bo‘lsa — majhul, kim qilgani muhim bo‘lsa — aniq. Hisobot va grafik tavsifida majhul juda qulay: Over 500 students were surveyed. It can be seen that sales increased. Xat yoki hikoyada esa aniq nisbat jonliroq.

Majhul shaklni sifatdan farqlang: The door was closed at 8 (majhul — kimdir yopdi) va The door was closed when I came (holat — eshik yopiq edi). Ikkinchi gapda closed sifat vazifasida.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. English ___ (speak) all over the world.

2. The museum ___ (open) in 1997.

3. Your order ___ (already / send).

4. The car ___ (repair) when I arrived.

5. The accident ___ (happen) at night.

6. The results ___ (announce) tomorrow.

7. This form must ___ (sign) by both parents.

8. The window was opened ___ a stick. Qaysi predlog?

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• be ni tushirib qoldirish: ✗ The house built in 1990 → ✓ The house was built in 1990.
• V3 o‘rniga V2: ✗ was wrote → ✓ was written.
• O‘timsiz fe’llarni majhul qilish: ✗ was happened, was died → ✓ happened, died.
• Bajaruvchini keraksiz qo‘shish: ✗ was stolen by someone → ✓ was stolen.
• Predlogli fe’lda predlogni tushirish: ✗ The children were looked → ✓ were looked after.
• by va with ni adashtirish: ✗ opened by a key → ✓ opened with a key.