Task

The following sequence is given: CH₄ →(1500 °C) X →(activated C, 600 °C) Y →(CH₃Cl, AlCl₃) Z →(KMnO₄, H₂SO₄, heat) Q →(HNO₃, conc. H₂SO₄) R →(CH₃OH, H⁺) S. 1) Write the preparation of X. 2) Write the formation of Y (Zelinsky reaction). 3) Write the preparation of Z and state the reaction type. 4) Write the oxidation of Z to Q, balanced by the electron-balance method. 5) Write the nitration of Q and name R. 6) Write the formation of S from R and name S. 7) Explain why nitration of toluene gives ortho- and para-products, whereas nitration of benzoic acid gives the meta-product. No calculations are required: for each part give the reaction equations (with structural formulas), conditions, names of substances and the necessary explanations.