Nisbiy ergash gaplar (Relative Clauses) otni aniqlashtiradi yoki u haqida qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi: qaysi odam, narsa yoki joy haqida gap ketyapti. O‘zbek tilida bu ma’no odatda sifatdosh bilan beriladi va otdan oldin turadi (kecha kelgan odam), ingliz tilida esa otdan keyinwho, which, that bilan boshlanuvchi gap keladi: the man who came yesterday. Bu farq tufayli o‘zbek tilida so‘zlashuvchilar tez-tez xato qiladi. Nisbiy gaplar imtihonda olmosh tanlash, vergul qo‘yish va ikki gapni bittaga birlashtirish topshiriqlarida, Writing’da esa murakkab gap tuzish mezonida baholanadi.
§1. Nisbiy olmosh va ravishlar
Nisbiy so‘z ikki vazifani bajaradi: gaplarni bog‘laydi va ergash gapda o‘zi gap bo‘lagi (ega, to‘ldiruvchi, hol) bo‘ladi.
who — odamlar · which — narsa va hayvonlar · that — odam ham, narsa ham (faqat aniqlovchi gapda)
whose — egalik (kimning) · whom — odam, to‘ldiruvchi (rasmiy)
where — joy · when — vaqt · why — sabab (the reason why)
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
The book which/that I bought is interesting.
That’s the girl whose brother is a pilot.
This is the house where I was born.
I remember the day when we met.
That’s the reason why I left.
whose odamlar uchun ham, narsalar uchun ham ishlatiladi: a country whose capital is Tashkent.
§2. Aniqlovchi (defining) nisbiy gaplar
Aniqlovchi gap ma’no uchun zarur ma’lumot beradi — aynan qaysi biri ekanini ko‘rsatadi. Uni olib tashlasak, gap noaniq bo‘lib qoladi. Vergul qo‘yilmaydi.
Students who study hard pass the exam. (barcha talabalar emas, faqat yaxshi o‘qiydiganlar)
The bus that goes to the airport leaves from here.
Nisbiy olmosh ergash gapda to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, uni tushirib qoldirish mumkin; ega bo‘lsa — mumkin emas:
The film (that) we watched was boring. — we ega, that to‘ldiruvchi → tushiriladi
The man who called you is here. — who ega → tushirilmaydi
Tekshirish usuli: olmoshdan keyin darhol fe’l kelsa — olmosh ega, uni qoldiring; olmoshdan keyin ot yoki olmosh (I, we, the teacher) kelsa — olmosh to‘ldiruvchi, tushirish mumkin.
Nisbiy olmosh o‘zi to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lgani uchun ergash gapda ikkinchi to‘ldiruvchi (it, him) qo‘yilmaydi: ✗ The book which I read it → ✓ The book which I read.
Misol
The phone ___ I bought last week has already broken.
Aniqlanayotgan so‘z phone — narsa, demak which yoki that.
Bo‘sh joydan keyin I keladi — ergash gapning egasi.
Demak olmosh to‘ldiruvchi vazifasida, uni tushirib qoldirish ham mumkin.
Vergul yo‘q — aniqlovchi gap, that ham to‘g‘ri.
Javob: which / that (yoki olmoshsiz).
§3. Izohlovchi (non-defining) nisbiy gaplar
Izohlovchi gap qo‘shimcha ma’lumot beradi — olib tashlansa ham gap to‘liq tushunarli. Odatda nomlar, yagona narsalar, my mother kabi aniq shaxslar haqida bo‘ladi.
Izohlovchi gap: vergul bilan ajratiladi, that ishlatilmaydi, olmosh tushirilmaydi.
Tashkent, which is the capital of Uzbekistan, is a large modern city.
My father, who is 60, still works.
Alisher Navoi, whose poems are known worldwide, was born in Herat.
which butun oldingi gapga ishora qilishi mumkin: He passed the exam, which surprised everyone. (hammani uning imtihondan o‘tgani hayron qoldirdi).
Ma’no farqi:
My sister who lives in London is a nurse. — bir nechta opam bor, Londonda yashaydigani hamshira.
My sister, who lives in London, is a nurse. — opam bitta, u Londonda yashaydi.
Misol
Ikki gapni birlashtiring: Samarkand attracts many tourists. It is over 2,700 years old.
Samarkand — atoqli ot, yagona shahar; ma’lumot qo‘shimcha → izohlovchi gap.
Narsa (shahar) uchun which; izohlovchi gapda that mumkin emas.
It o‘rniga which qo‘yiladi va ergash gap aniqlanayotgan otdan keyin joylashadi.
Ergash gap ikki tomondan vergul bilan ajratiladi.
Javob: Samarkand, which is over 2,700 years old, attracts many tourists.
§4. Predloglar, whom va miqdor iboralari
Ergash gapdagi fe’l predlog talab qilsa, predlog ikki joyda turishi mumkin:
Oxirda (norasmiy, og‘zaki): The person I spoke to was very kind.
Olmoshdan oldin (rasmiy, yozma): The person to whom I spoke was very kind.
Predlogdan keyin faqat whom (odam) va which (narsa): ✗ to who, ✗ in that.
Miqdor bilan (izohlovchi gapda): some of whom, most of which, all of whom, none of which, both of whom.
He has three cars, two of which are electric.
I invited twenty friends, most of whom came.
where va when ni predlog + which bilan almashtirish mumkin: the house where I was born = the house in which I was born.
Misol
I have two brothers. Both of them are engineers. Bitta gapga birlashtiring.
Ikkinchi gap birinchidagi brothers haqida qo‘shimcha ma’lumot — izohlovchi gap.
them odamlarni bildiradi va predlogdan (of) keyin turibdi → whom.
Miqdor iborasi: both of whom.
Javob: I have two brothers, both of whom are engineers.
§5. Qisqartirilgan nisbiy gaplar
Rasmiy va yozma matnda nisbiy gap ko‘pincha qisqartiriladi:
Faol ma’no — V-ing: The man standing at the door is my uncle. (= who is standing) People living in cities breathe polluted air. (= who live)
Majhul ma’no — V3: The houses built in the 1960s are old. (= which were built) Goods made in Uzbekistan (= which are made)
the first/last/only/next + to V: She was the first woman to fly into space.He was the last to leave.
Faol → V-ing · Majhul → V3 · the first/last/only → to V
§6. Imtihon algoritmi
Aniqlanayotgan so‘z kim/nima: odam → who, narsa → which, joy → where, vaqt → when, egalik → whose.
Vergul bormi yoki ma’lumot qo‘shimchami? → izohlovchi gap: that yo‘q, olmosh tushirilmaydi.
Olmoshdan keyin fe’l keladimi (ega) yoki ot/olmosh (to‘ldiruvchi)? To‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa — aniqlovchi gapda tushirish mumkin.
Predlog oldida turibdimi? → whom yoki which.
Ergash gapda ortiqcha it/him/them yo‘qligini tekshiring.
O‘zingizni tekshiring
The man ___ car was stolen called the police.
This is the café ___ we first met.
Samarkand, ___ is over 2,700 years old, attracts many tourists.
Qaysi gapda olmoshni tushirish mumkin: (a) The boy who won the prize is my cousin. (b) The boy who I met is my cousin.
The students ___ (invite) to the conference were excited.
I have two brothers, both of ___ are engineers.
He passed all his exams, ___ made his parents very happy.
She was the only student ___ (answer) the last question.
Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar
Izohlovchi gapda that: ✗ Tashkent, that is… → ✓ Tashkent, which is….
Ortiqcha olmosh: ✗ The book which I read it → ✓ The book which I read.
Odamlar uchun which: ✗ the teacher which → ✓ the teacher who.
whose (kimning) va who’s (who is) ni adashtirish.
Izohlovchi gapda vergulni tushirib qoldirish — gap ma’nosi o‘zgaradi.
Predlogdan keyin who yoki that: ✗ the person to who → ✓ the person to whom.