Avval o‘rganing: Ot va artikl
Olmoshlar otni takrorlamaslik uchun ishlatiladi: Aziz is my friend. He lives in Bukhara. Ingliz tilida olmosh shakli gapdagi vazifasiga qarab o‘zgaradi: ega bo‘lsa bir shakl (I, he), to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa boshqa (me, him). Bundan tashqari, o‘zbek tilidagi bitta u inglizchada he, she yoki it bo‘lishi mumkin — jinsni farqlash shart. Olmoshlar imtihonning grammatika savollarida, Reading’dagi "bu olmosh nimaga ishora qiladi" savollarida va Writing’da matnni bog‘lashda muhim rol o‘ynaydi.
Ega shakli: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
To‘ldiruvchi shakli: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Ega shakli fe’ldan oldin keladi, to‘ldiruvchi shakli — fe’l va predlogdan keyin: She called me. This gift is for them. Listen to him.
he — erkak, she — ayol, it — narsa, hayvon va mavhum tushunchalar. Bundan tashqari it shaxssiz gaplarda ishlatiladi — ob-havo, vaqt, masofa: It’s raining. It’s five o’clock. It’s 10 km to the city. Ingliz tilida egasiz gap bo‘lmaydi, shuning uchun Is raining deb bo‘lmaydi.
they jinsi noma’lum yoki ahamiyatsiz bo‘lgan bitta kishi uchun ham ishlatiladi: If a student is late, they must explain why.
to be dan keyin norasmiy nutqda to‘ldiruvchi shakli keladi: Who’s there? — It’s me.
My sister and ___ (I/me) went to the cinema. va The teacher asked my sister and ___ (I/me).
Otdan oldin (aniqlovchi): my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Otsiz (mustaqil): mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
This is my book. — This book is mine. Is this pen yours? Their house is bigger than ours.
Mustaqil shakldan keyin ot qo‘yilmaydi: ✗ mine book. Aniqlovchi shakldan keyin esa ot albatta keladi: ✗ This is my.
its (egalik, apostrofsiz) va it’s (= it is / it has) — eng ko‘p uchraydigan yozma xato: The cat licked its paw. It’s late. It’s been raining. Xuddi shunday: your (sizning) — you’re (you are), their (ularning) — they’re (they are) — there (u yerda).
a friend of mine — "do‘stlarimdan biri" (✗ a friend of me).
Tekshirish: it’s o‘rniga it is qo‘yib ko‘ring — ma’no saqlansa, apostrof kerak.
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ingliz tilida ba’zi fe’llar o‘zlik olmoshisiz ishlatiladi, garchi o‘zbek yoki rus tilida o‘zlik ma’nosi bo‘lsa ham: wash, dress, shave, feel, relax, meet, concentrate — ✗ I feel myself good → ✓ I feel good; ✗ We met ourselves at six → ✓ We met at six.
each other / one another — o‘zaro harakat: They love each other. (bir-birini). themselves esa har biri o‘zini: They blamed themselves. (har biri o‘zini aybladi).
The children enjoyed ___ at the party.
Ko‘rsatish: this/these — yaqindagi, that/those — uzoqdagi yoki o‘tgan narsa: this book — these books, that house — those houses. Son mosligi muhim: ✗ this books.
some va any:
Birikmalar: somebody/someone, something, somewhere; anybody, anything, anywhere; nobody, nothing, nowhere; everybody, everything, everywhere.
everybody, nobody, someone, everything + birlikdagi fe’l: Everybody is here. Nothing has changed.
Ingliz tilida gapda inkor bitta bo‘ladi: ✗ I don’t know nothing → ✓ I don’t know anything yoki I know nothing.
one/ones — otni takrorlamaslik uchun: I don’t like the red shirt; I prefer the blue one. These shoes are old — I need new ones.
There isn’t ___ milk in the fridge.
So‘roq olmoshlari: who (kim — ega), whom (kimni — rasmiy), whose (kimning), what (nima; tanlov cheklanmagan), which (qaysi; tanlov cheklangan). Whose bag is this? — who’s (= who is) bilan adashtirmang. What colour do you like? (umuman) — Which colour do you like, red or blue? (berilganlardan).
Reading’da olmosh qaysi otga ishora qilishini topish savollari uchraydi (What does "they" refer to?). Olmoshdan oldingi gaplardan son va jinsi mos otni qidiring, keyin javobni olmosh o‘rniga qo‘yib, mantiqni tekshiring.
Writing’da olmoshlar takrorni kamaytiradi: Tashkent is a modern city. It has…. Lekin bir gapda bir nechta it yoki they bo‘lsa, ma’no chalkashadi — bunday holda otni takrorlang.
Students who live far away often find it difficult to arrive on time. They should leave home earlier. — They nimaga ishora qiladi?