Sifat va uning darajalari

Sifatlar otning belgisini bildiradi: rangi, o‘lchami, sifati, xususiyati. Ingliz tilida sifat o‘zgarmaydi — son va kelishikka qarab qo‘shimcha olmaydi: a tall boy — tall girls (✗ talls girls). Asosiy qiyinchilik boshqa joyda: qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarni to‘g‘ri yasash, bir nechta sifatning tartibi, -ed/-ing sifatlar farqi va sifat bilan ravishni ajratish. Imtihonda darajalar grammatika savollarida, Writing’da esa grafik va jadvallarni taqqoslashda asosiy vosita hisoblanadi.

§1. Sifatning gapdagi o‘rni va tartibi

Sifat ikki joyda turadi:

• Otdan oldin (aniqlovchi): a beautiful city, old buildings.
• Bog‘lovchi fe’llardan keyin (be, look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound, become, get): She looks tired. This soup tastes good. (✗ tastes well) It’s getting dark.

Bog‘lovchi fe’ldan keyin ravish emas, sifat keladi, chunki u egani tavsiflaydi: The music sounds beautiful (musiqa go‘zal).

Bir nechta sifat bo‘lsa, ular ma’lum tartibda keladi — umumiy fikrdan aniq belgiga:

a lovely small old round brown Italian wooden dining table — bunday uzun qator kam uchraydi; amalda 2–3 ta sifat: a beautiful old Uzbek carpet, a big black leather bag.

Misol

So‘zlarni to‘g‘ri tartibda joylang: carpet / silk / red / beautiful / a.

1. beautiful — fikr, birinchi o‘rinda.
2. red — rang, fikrdan keyin.
3. silk — material, otga eng yaqin.
4. Artikl boshida, ot oxirida.
5. Javob: a beautiful red silk carpet.

§2. Qiyosiy va orttirma daraja

Qiyosiy daraja (comparative) ikki narsani solishtiradi; orttirma daraja (superlative) uch va undan ortiq narsa ichida eng yuqorisini ko‘rsatadi.

Imlo: big → bigger → the biggest (unli + undosh bo‘lsa, undosh ikkilanadi), nice → nicer (faqat -r), dry → drier.

Noto‘g‘ri shakllar yodlanadi:

Qiyosiy darajadan keyin than: Tashkent is bigger than Samarkand. Orttirmada the va ko‘pincha in (joy) yoki of (guruh): the highest mountain in the world, the best of all. Olmosh bilan: She is taller than me (norasmiy) / than I am (rasmiy).

Misol

This test was ___ (difficult) than the last one.

1. Gapda than bor — demak qiyosiy daraja.
2. difficult — uch bo‘g‘inli sifat.
3. Ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifat -er olmaydi, more bilan yasaladi.
4. Javob: more difficult.

§3. Tenglik va boshqa qiyos qurilmalari

• as + sifat + as — teng: She is as tall as her brother. Bu yerda sifat oddiy darajada.
• Inkor: not as/so + sifat + as — kamroq: My room is not as big as yours.
• Kuchaytirish: much / far / a lot + qiyosiy — much better, far more expensive (✗ very better).
• Ozgina farq: a bit / slightly + qiyosiy — slightly cheaper.
• the + qiyosiy…, the + qiyosiy… — bog‘liq o‘zgarish: The more you read, the better you write.
• qiyosiy + and + qiyosiy — o‘sib boruvchi o‘zgarish: It’s getting colder and colder. more and more popular.
• the same as, different from, similar to: My phone is the same as yours.

§4. -ed va -ing sifatlar

Fe’ldan yasalgan juft sifatlar tez-tez adashtiriladi:

• -ed — odam nimani his qiladi: I am bored / interested / tired / surprised / confused.
• -ing — narsa yoki odam qanday ta’sir qiladi, his-tuyg‘uni nima uyg‘otadi: The film is boring / interesting / tiring / surprising / confusing.

I was bored because the lesson was boring. Agar I am boring desangiz, "men zerikarli odamman" degan ma’no chiqadi.

Misol

The news was ___ (shock), and everyone was ___ (shock).

1. Birinchi bo‘sh joy news haqida — yangilik his-tuyg‘u uyg‘otadi → -ing: shocking.
2. Ikkinchi bo‘sh joy odamlar haqida — ular his qiladi → -ed: shocked.
3. Javob: shocking, shocked.

§5. Sifat va ravish

Ravish ko‘pincha sifatga -ly qo‘shib yasaladi: quick → quickly, careful → carefully, happy → happily, simple → simply. Ravish fe’lni, sifatni yoki boshqa ravishni tavsiflaydi: She drives carefully. Sifat esa otni: She is a careful driver.

Istisnolar:

• good → well: He is a good player. He plays well.
• fast → fast, hard → hard: He works hard. (hardly — "deyarli … emas": I hardly know him).
• late → late (lately — "so‘nggi paytda").
• friendly, lovely, lonely, lively, elderly — -ly bilan tugasa ham sifat: a friendly person (ravish sifatida: in a friendly way).

§6. Writing va Speaking’da taqqoslash

Grafik, jadval yoki ikki variantni taqqoslashda darajalar asosiy vosita:

Speaking’da oddiy sifatlarni boyiting: good o‘rniga excellent, impressive, outstanding; bad o‘rniga terrible, disappointing, awful; big o‘rniga huge, enormous, vast. Kuchli sifatlar (huge, freezing, fascinating) bilan very emas, absolutely ishlatiladi: absolutely huge.

Misol

Of all the subjects, maths was ___ (popular).

1. Of all the subjects — guruh ichida eng yuqorisi → orttirma daraja.
2. popular — uch bo‘g‘inli → the most.
3. Javob: the most popular.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. It’s the ___ (bad) day of my life.

2. My room is not as ___ (big) as yours.

3. I’m really ___ (excite) about the trip.

4. He speaks English very ___ (good).

5. The ___ you practise, the ___ you get. (much, good)

6. This flower smells ___ . (sweet / sweetly)

7. The second test was slightly ___ (easy) than the first.

8. Our new flat is twice as ___ (large) as the old one.

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• Ikki daraja ko‘rsatkichi: ✗ more better, ✗ the most biggest → ✓ better, the biggest.
• than o‘rniga that: ✗ bigger that → ✓ bigger than.
• very + qiyosiy: ✗ very taller → ✓ much taller.
• -ed/-ing ni adashtirish: ✗ I am boring (his-tuyg‘u uchun) → ✓ I am bored.
• Sifatga -s qo‘shish: ✗ differents books → ✓ different books.
• Bog‘lovchi fe’ldan keyin ravish: ✗ It tastes well → ✓ It tastes good.