Lug‘at boyligi va mavzuviy leksika

Grammatika bilan gap tuzamiz, lug‘at bilan esa fikr aytamiz: so‘z boyligi yetmasa, eng to‘g‘ri grammatika ham yordam bermaydi. Imtihonda lug‘at ko‘pincha alohida bo‘lim sifatida berilmaydi, lekin Reading va Listening’ni tushunish, Writing va Speaking bahosidagi "leksik boylik" (lexical resource) mezoni aynan unga bog‘liq. Yuqori daraja uchun so‘zlarning soni emas, ularni to‘g‘ri birikmada, to‘g‘ri shaklda va to‘g‘ri uslubda ishlatish muhim. Bu darsda mavzuviy leksika, so‘z yasalishi, kollokatsiyalar, frazali fe’llar, uslub va yodlash usullari tushuntiriladi.

§1. Mavzuviy leksika

Imtihonda eng ko‘p uchraydigan mavzular va tayanch so‘zlar:

• Ta’lim: curriculum, tuition fees, degree, scholarship, distance learning, to graduate, to enrol, assessment.
• Ish va karyera: employer, employee, salary, promotion, to apply for a job, CV, interview, part-time, unemployment.
• Texnologiya: device, app, software, social media, artificial intelligence, to download, privacy, screen time.
• Atrof-muhit: pollution, climate change, renewable energy, waste, recycling, to protect, endangered species, drought.
• Salomatlik: diet, obesity, to exercise, treatment, symptoms, mental health, healthy lifestyle.
• Shahar va transport: traffic jam, public transport, commute, crowded, suburb, infrastructure.
• Sayohat va madaniyat: destination, accommodation, sightseeing, heritage, tradition, customs.

Har bir mavzu uchun lug‘at daftari tuting: so‘z — talaffuz — misol gap — sinonim — tegishli birikmalar. So‘zni yolg‘iz emas, birikma bilan yozing: tuition emas, pay tuition fees.

§2. So‘z yasalishi (word formation)

Bir o‘zakdan bir nechta so‘z turkumi yasaladi. Bu topshiriq imtihonda alohida keladi: qavs ichidagi so‘zni gapga mos shaklga keltirish kerak.

• Ot yasovchi: -tion, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ance/-ence, -er/-or, -ist: develop → development, happy → happiness, possible → possibility, perform → performance.
• Sifat yasovchi: -ful, -less, -ous, -ive, -able, -al, -ic, -y: use → useful / useless, danger → dangerous, create → creative.
• Ravish: -ly: careful → carefully.
• Fe’l yasovchi: -ise/-ize, -en, -ify: modern → modernise, wide → widen, simple → simplify.
• Inkor old qo‘shimchalar: un- (unhappy), in-/im-/il-/ir- (), (), (); boshqalar: (), ().

Qaysi turkum kerakligini gapdagi o‘rin ko‘rsatadi: artikl yoki sifatdan keyin — ot; be yoki otdan oldin — sifat; fe’ldan keyin — ravish.

Misol

The ___ of the new bridge took three years. (construct)

1. Bo‘sh joydan oldin the, keyin of — bu yerda ot kerak.
2. construct fe’lidan ot -ion qo‘shimchasi bilan yasaladi.
3. Javob: construction.

Misol

It is ___ to drive without a licence. (legal)

1. It is ___ — be dan keyin sifat kerak.
2. Ma’no inkor: guvohnomasiz haydash qonunga zid.
3. l bilan boshlanuvchi sifatlarga inkor old qo‘shimchasi il-.
4. Javob: illegal.

§3. Kollokatsiyalar

Ingliz tilida so‘zlar ma’lum "juftlar" bilan keladi; ularni buzish grammatik xato bo‘lmasa ham noto‘g‘ri eshitiladi.

Umumiy mantiq: make — yangi narsa yaratish, natija; do — faoliyat, ish, vazifa.

Sifat + ot: heavy rain (✗ strong rain), strong coffee, high price, heavy traffic, serious problem, major role.
Ravish + sifat: highly recommended, deeply concerned, fully aware, bitterly cold.

Misol

She ___ a lot of mistakes in her essay, so she ___ some extra exercises. (make / do)

1. mistakes — make bilan birikadi: make a mistake.
2. exercises — vazifa, faoliyat → do.
3. Zamon o‘tgan: made, did.
4. Javob: made, did.

§4. Frazali fe’llar (phrasal verbs)

Frazali fe’l = fe’l + yuklama (up, off, out, on…); ma’nosi ko‘pincha qismlardan kelib chiqmaydi:

Ajraladigan fe’llarda to‘ldiruvchi o‘rtada yoki oxirda turadi, olmosh esa faqat o‘rtada: turn the TV off / turn off the TV / turn it off (✗ turn off it). Ajralmaydiganlar: look after the children, look after them.

Rasmiy matnda (Writing, rasmiy xat) ko‘pincha bir so‘zli sinonim afzal: postpone (put off), discover (find out), establish (set up), reject (turn down).

§5. Uslub, sinonimlar va aniqlik

• Rasmiy va norasmiy so‘zlar: buy — purchase, get — obtain/receive, help — assist, ask — enquire, kids — children. Rasmiy xat va inshoda chap tomondagilardan qoching.
• Sinonimlar takrorni yo‘qotadi: important — significant — crucial — essential; big — large — huge — enormous; show — demonstrate — illustrate. Lekin sinonimlar har doim to‘liq almashinmaydi: a big mistake tabiiy, a large mistake g‘alati.
• Aniq so‘z: good o‘rniga vaziyatga mos so‘z — a beneficial effect, a reliable source, a talented student.
• Soxta do‘stlar: o‘zbek yoki rus tiliga o‘xshash so‘zlarning ma’nosi boshqacha bo‘lishi mumkin: magazine — jurnal (do‘kon emas), fabric — mato (zavod emas), sympathetic — hamdard (yoqimtoy emas).

§6. So‘zlarni qanday yodlash

1. Kontekstda o‘rganing — har bir so‘zni gap bilan yozing.
2. Takrorlash oralig‘ini uzaytiring: 1 kun → 3 kun → 1 hafta → 1 oy (kartochkalar, ilovalar).
3. Faol ishlatish: har yangi so‘z bilan o‘zingiz haqingizda gap tuzing va Speaking mashqida ishlating.
4. So‘z oilasini birga yozing: decide, decision, decisive, indecisive.
5. Ko‘p o‘qing va tinglang — passiv lug‘at doimo faol lug‘atdan katta bo‘ladi, lekin faol lug‘at undan o‘sib chiqadi.

O‘zingizni tekshiring

1. She ___ a lot of mistakes in her essay. (did / made)

2. Smoking is ___ for your health. (harm)

3. I need to ___ this word in the dictionary. (frazali fe’l)

4. The meeting was ___ until next week. (rasmiy, bitta so‘z)

5. It’s ___ to drive without a licence. (legal)

6. Noto‘g‘ri birikmani toping: heavy traffic, strong rain, fast food.

7. There has been a lot of ___ in the city recently. (develop)

8. This hotel is highly ___ . (recommend)

Ko‘p uchraydigan xatolar

• make va do ni adashtirish: ✗ do a mistake → ✓ make a mistake.
• So‘z turkumini tekshirmay qo‘yish: ✗ It was a success decision → ✓ a successful decision.
• Lug‘atdagi birinchi tarjimani kontekstga qaramasdan olish.
• Writing’da bir so‘zni qayta-qayta takrorlash — sinonimlardan foydalaning.
• Frazali fe’lda olmosh o‘rni: ✗ pick up it → ✓ pick it up.
• Rasmiy matnda norasmiy so‘zlar: ✗ kids, a lot of stuff → ✓ children, many things.