Avval o‘rganing: Olmoshlar
Ingliz tilida "hozir" haqida gapirishning to‘rt shakli bor: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect va Present Perfect Continuous. Ular bir-biridan vaqt bilan emas, qarash bilan farq qiladi: odat, ayni paytdagi jarayon, hozirgi natija yoki hozirgacha davom etgan jarayon. O‘zbek tilida bularning ko‘pi bitta shakl bilan aytiladi (o‘qiyman, o‘qiyapman, o‘qiganman), shuning uchun farqni ongli ravishda o‘rganish kerak. Imtihonda aynan shu farqni tekshirishadi — fe’l shaklini yodlash yetmaydi, vaziyatni "o‘qiy" bilish kerak.
Qachon ishlatiladi:
Yasalishi. Fe’lning birinchi shakli; uchinchi shaxs birlikda (he, she, it) oxiriga -s/-es qo‘shiladi.
I/you/we/they work — he/she/it works
So‘roq: Do you work? / Does she work? · Inkor: I don’t work / She doesn’t work
-es qo‘shiladigan holatlar: so‘z -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o bilan tugasa — watches, goes, fixes. Undosh + y bo‘lsa y → ies: study → studies; unli + y bo‘lsa shunchaki -s: play → plays. have uchinchi shaxsda has bo‘ladi.
Nega does dan keyin fe’l qo‘shimchasiz? Chunki zamon va shaxs belgisini yordamchi fe’l "olib ketadi": -s faqat bir marta qo‘yiladi — yoki does da, yoki asosiy fe’lda.
Belgi so‘zlar: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day, on Mondays, once a week. Chastota ravishlari asosiy fe’ldan oldin, lekin to be dan keyin turadi: She often reads. / She is often late.
My brother ___ (not / like) coffee.
Qachon ishlatiladi:
Yasalishi: am/is/are + V-ing.
I am working · She is working · They are working
So‘roq: Are you working? · Inkor: He isn’t working
Imlo: oxiridagi -e tushadi (make → making); qisqa so‘zda "undosh-unli-undosh" bo‘lsa oxirgi undosh ikkilanadi (run → running, sit → sitting); -ie → -ying (lie → lying).
Belgi so‘zlar: now, right now, at the moment, today, this week, currently, Look!, Listen!
Simple va Continuous farqi — doimiy va vaqtinchalik: I live in Tashkent (doimiy) — I’m living with my aunt this month (vaqtinchalik).
Ba’zi fe’llar jarayonni emas, holatni bildiradi — ular odatda Continuous’da ishlatilmaydi, chunki holatning "boshi va oxiri" yo‘q:
I know the answer (✗ I am knowing). Lekin ma’no harakatga aylansa, Continuous mumkin: I’m having lunch (tushlik qilyapman), She’s thinking about it (o‘ylab ko‘ryapti); think = believe bo‘lsa esa faqat Simple: I think you’re right. taste ham shunday: The soup tastes salty (holat) — The chef is tasting the soup (harakat).
Listen! Somebody ___ (sing) in the next room.
Harakat o‘tmishda bo‘lgan, ammo natijasi yoki ahamiyati hozir muhim. Aniq vaqt aytilmaydi.
Yasalishi: have/has + V3 (o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi): work → worked, noto‘g‘ri fe’llar: go → gone, see → seen, write → written.
for + davomiylik: for two hours, for a long time
since + boshlanish nuqtasi: since 2020, since Monday, since I was a child
Belgi so‘zlar: already, just, yet, ever, never, recently, so far, this week. already/just — yordamchi fe’l bilan asosiy fe’l orasida; yet — inkor va so‘roqning oxirida: Have you finished yet? ever — so‘roqda: Have you ever tried plov?
Eng ko‘p xato qilinadigan joy. Agar aniq o‘tgan vaqt ko‘rsatilsa (yesterday, last year, in 2019, two days ago, when...) — faqat Past Simple:
I saw him yesterday (✗ I have seen him yesterday).
Vaqt ko‘rsatilmagan yoki davr hali tugamagan bo‘lsa — Present Perfect: I’ve seen this film. Odatda suhbat Present Perfect bilan boshlanadi, tafsilotlar esa Past Simple’da beriladi: I’ve been to Khiva. I went there in May.
been va gone farqi: He has been to London (borib qaytgan); He has gone to London (hozir u yerda).
They ___ (know) each other since school.
Harakat o‘tmishda boshlangan va hozirgacha davom etgan (yoki hozirgina tugagan, izi ko‘rinib turibdi). Urg‘u — davomiylikda.
Yasalishi: have/has been + V-ing. So‘roq: How long have you been learning English?
Perfect va Perfect Continuous: natija va miqdor bo‘lsa — Perfect (I’ve written three letters); davomiylik va jarayon bo‘lsa — Continuous (I’ve been writing letters all morning). Miqdor (three letters, five pages) Continuous bilan deyarli ishlatilmaydi. live, work, study kabi fe’llar bilan for/since da ikkala shakl ham to‘g‘ri: I’ve lived / I’ve been living here for five years.
Your hands are dirty. What ___ you ___ (do)?
Bitta fe’l bilan farqni ko‘ring:
O‘zbekcha tarjima yordam bermasligi mumkin: Men bu yerda 2020-yildan beri ishlayman — o‘zbekcha hozirgi zamon, lekin inglizcha I have worked / have been working here since 2020 (✗ I work here since 2020).